Deuteronomy 14:26 simply refers to wine and fruit-cider (yayin and shekhar) at a feast. The Hebrew text does not specify ‘hard’ cider.
Hard cider recieves no specific endorsement.
“wine, and cider” (Deut. 14:26, Wycliffe’s Bible With Modern Spelling)
See also: Bible says be sober again and again.
Grape juice already called yayin (wine) in the press.
(Broad meaning of wine (yayin) – documented.)
Shekhar: noun, fruit-cider; juice from dates, palms, or various fruits (generally other than grapes), whether it be unfermented sweet cider, or else fermented – (i.e. vinegar or any kind of intoxicating hard cider); sometimes even the fruit itself (Hebrew, Strong’s number: 7941).
In Deut. 14:26, shekhar would signify sweet drinks (yayin and shekhar; wine and ‘similar drink’ NKJV). For example, certain types of shekhar (sakar) were permitted amongst the Arabs, and other types of it were not, because of alcohol. Nazarites had no type of wine or shekhar at all – whether alcoholic or not – not even vinegar, nor grapes, nor raisins. The breadth of meaning is apparent throughout the Vulgate and NKJV translations.
S. Reynolds says it was broad: ‘it is unjustifiable to claim that shekar must essentially [exclusively] be an intoxicating drink.’
Stephen M. Reynolds, 2003, The Biblical Approach to Alcohol, p. 31.
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
CIDER: Expressed juice of apples. Apples are ground to a fine pulp and then pressed. Hard (alcoholic) cider is fermented in vats for up to three months before being filtered and aged (see fermentation). Sweet cider is unfermented and either drunk fresh (as in the U.S.) or mellowed in pressurized tanks first (particularly in Europe). Most cider in the U.S. is now pasteurized. Juice that is pasteurized, treated with a preservative, and often clarified before being hermetically sealed in cans or bottles is marketed as apple juice.
The Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature
The Cyclopaedia of biblical literature says shekhar was much broader than ‘strong drink’:
- ‘Luscious, saccharine drink or SWEET SYRUP, especially sugar or honey of dates, or of the palm-tree ; also, by accommodation, occasionally the sweet fruit itself…’
- ‘Date or PALM WINE in its fresh and unfermented state…’
‘The Mohammedan traveller (A.D. 850) says that “palm wine, if drunk fresh, is sweet like honey; but if kept, it turns to vinegar”…’ - ‘Fermented or intoxicating palm wine… became applied to other kinds of intoxicating drink, whether made from fruit or from grain.’
John Kitto & James Taylor, 1849, Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature, ‘DRINK, STRONG’, p. 267-268.
Shekhar: Relation to Sweetness
‘If drunk fresh, is sweet like honey.’ Compare: ‘bitter shall be the sweet-drink [shekhar] to those who drink it.’ (Isaiah 24:9)
Frederick Richard Lees, 1868, Temperance Bible Commentary, p. 165.
F. Lees says shekhar was broad: ‘comes from an Oriental root for ‘sweet-juice,’ and is the undoubted original of the European words (Greek, Latin, Teutonic, and Spanish) for sugar. It is used to this day in Arabia for palm-juice and palm-wine, whether fresh or fermented.’
Frederick Richard Lees, 1869, Textbook of Temperance, p. 122.
Shekhar: Relation to Quenching Thirst or Drunkenness
The related verb shakar means to satisfy, i.e. drink sufficiently to quench the thirst (e.g. Hag. 1:6) – which could be said of having of wine, milk, etc. (Song 5:1). But sometimes this verb can also mean somebody is becoming tipsy, or worse.
‘You have planted much, but harvested little. You eat, but never have enough. You drink, but never have your fill [shakar]. You put on clothes, but are not warm. You earn wages, only to put them in a purse with holes in it.’
Hag. 1:6 NIV
‘…I have eaten my honeycomb and my honey; I have drunk [shakar] my wine and my milk.’
Song 5:1 NIV
Jerome’s Vulgate translation made a distinction
Jerome (in the Latin Vulgate c. 400 A.D.) made a distinction in the range of meanings. He said: ‘Now every intoxicating drink is in Hebrew called shechar.’ However, he did NOT think everything called shechar was intoxicating – e.g. Deut. 14:26. He said it was better for Christians to avoid drinking whatever ‘disturbs the balance of the mind’. Indeed, the Vulgate often rendered shekhar differently where the context did not require a meaning of intoxication, probably to avoid potential misunderstanding. It borrowed the Hebrew term shekhar itself (Latin ‘siceram’) – e.g. Deut. 14:26; 29:6; Judg. 13:4,7,14 – rather than using terms like ‘ebrietas’ as for some other passages. Sometimes Jerome rendered shekhar as ‘ebrietas’, but mostly where a context supports the idea of intoxication – e.g. inebriare in Lev. 10:9 and 1 Sam. 1:15. (Technically, Latin terms like ebrietas may be used even of water e.g. inebriasti in Ps. 65:9 [i.e. Ps. 64:10].) In Lev. 10:9 the context specifies that drinking makes us unable to distinguish between the holy and the unholy. So in that instance, Jerome could not help ‘but suspect poison’ as he put it.
(Incidentally, the Vulgate simply rendered shekhar as wine (Latin ‘vinum’) but only a few times – e.g. Num. 28:7. As with shekhar, the term ‘vinum’ was not always alcoholic – e.g. Lam. 2:12 Vulgate.)
Jerome, Latin Vulgate Bible translation.
Jerome, Letter LII. To Nepotian, section 11. Latin.
Wycliffe’s translation made a distinction (c. 1395)
The Wycliffe Bible (based on the Vulgate) made the same distinction. It seems to be responsible for bringing ‘cider’ into the popular English language (formerly: ‘sidur’). Hence the Wycliffe Bible itself has been called the ‘Cider Bible’. English dictionaries (especially American) still let cider be either unfermented or fermented.
But eventually the English term ‘cider’ became connected especially to apple-cider. This may be partly why some English translators have considered other terms than this. For many passages, a modern translator may prefer the term ‘similar-drink’, ‘sweet-drink’, or ‘fruit-cider’. Today’s English dictionaries would probably not even have any entry for ‘cider’ if Jerome had thought ‘ebrietas’ were suitable for Deut. 14:26 and all!
Tyndale’s translation made a distinction (c. 1530)
Yet Tyndale’s translation (based on the Hebrew) also made a distinction in the range of meanings, from good drynke to stronge drynke (‘stronge drynke’ in Lev. 10:9; Num. 6:3; Deut. 29:6 – but ‘good drynke’ in Num. 28:7; Deut. 14:26). After Tyndale, the KJV subjectively imposed ‘strong drink’ throughout, yet the NKJV again used more objective terms like ‘similar drink’.
New King James Version makes a distinction
The New King James Version (from Numbers through Judges) generally renders shekhar as ‘similar drink’ within the phrase ‘wine or similar drink’. For Num. 28:7, it simply has ‘drink’, being more objective than ‘strong drink’. But it has ‘strong drink’ in Lev. 10:9 where the context supports the idea of intoxication.
In conclusion, the Hebrew term shekhar was a broad term, evidently being unfermented or fermented. See further documentation by John Kitto, Frederick Lees, Lyman Abbott, Benjamin Parsons, Stephen Reynolds.
‘DRINK, strong’ —
‘Sweet drink (what satiates or intoxicates), shekar.’
Young’s Analytical Concordance to the Holy Bible, ‘DRINK, strong’.
Shekhar: Relation to Arabic Term
Edward William Lane notes some types of it were lawful and some types forbidden.
Edward William Lane, 1863, Arabic English Lexicon, Book 1, p. 1391.
Tirosh grapes in Deut. 14:23 and yayin wine in Deut. 14:26.
In Hebrew, Deut. 14:26 mentions {yayin} wine. But Deut. 14:23 says {tirosh} grape, not yayin. The Greek translation has oinos for both tirosh and yayin in these verses and in many of the other verses about tirosh and yayin. Judges 9:13 has tirosh – grapes even while on the vine, translated as oinos.
Note:
“In this verse [Numbers 6:3] … shekhar refers to new wine which has not yet fermented.” (Rabbeinu Bahya [Rabbeinu Bachaya], Bamidbar 6.3.1, about 1290-1310 AD) [However shekhar (cider) existed in both unfermented and fermented forms. Likewise yayin (wine) existed in both forms.]
The Common English Bible translates “strong drink” as “beer.”
In Num. 6:3, I prefer translating the two listed items as “cider” and “fermented cider” respectively because the English word “cider” came from the original term shekhar itself. The CEB (etc.) does does not always translate shekhar one way only in various verses. Perhaps some people suggest “beer” for shekhar because translating it “strong drink” or “brandy” can be even more misleading than beer – as implying a modern distilled beverage much stronger than the strongest drinks to exist in Bible times. There is a widespread Jewish taboo against beer at Passover. (Even alcoholic wine-drinkers accept this Jewish taboo against beer at Passover.) This taboo indicates a Jewish understanding that beer is chametz – therefore excluded from the Unleavened Feast because it has fermented. If “shekhar” exactly means “beer” then why does Numbers 6:3 list as two items: both “beer” and “fermented beer”? Rather saying “cider” and “fermented cider” makes the best sense for Num. 6:3 in English.
In Numbers 6:3, the Schocken Bible, a Jewish Bible translation by Everett Fox (1995) uses the word “fermentation” more literally and accurately than the NIV for this verse. The Schocken Bible does NOT say shekhar is always fermented, but only sometimes. It also says “any liquid” of grapes rather than incorrectly putting “juice” for mishra.
“from {yayin} wine and from {shekhar} beer one is to consecrate oneself;
{chometz} fermentation of {yayin} wine and {chometz} fermentation of {shekhar} beer one is not to drink,
any {mishra} liquid of grapes one is not to drink,
and grapes, moist or dried, one is not to eat.”
(Numbers 6:3 Schocken Bible – more literal)
“they must abstain from {yayin} wine and other {shekhar} fermented drink
and must not drink {chometz} vinegar made from {yayin} wine or other {shekhar} fermented drink.
They must not drink grape {mishra} juice or eat grapes or raisins.”
(Numbers 6:3 – NIV – less literal)
Nonetheless I would prefer the Schocken Bible would say “cider” for shekhar.